主谓一致解析（附历年高考考试考试真题）
（本文是高伟《魔方英语语法》第一章第六节。已经登记版权，请不要用于商业作用与功效）
本节目录和摘要：
主谓一致的根本原则是意义一致原则。
1、 用主谓一致原则，第一得找到主语。
2、 单个主语时的主谓一致，使用意义一致原则。
3、 并列主语时的主谓一致，有的使用意义一致原则，有的使用就近一致原则。
4、 “n1+of+n2”作主语时的主谓一致，使用意义一致原则。
为何把主谓一致放在本章解说呢？由于，主谓一致的重点在主语，主语的重点在名词。
主语的数
谓语的数
单数时无s
单数时加s
复数时加s
复数时无s
主谓一致，指主语与谓语之间在数与人称上维持一致，其中，非常重要的是数的一致，即，主语的单/复数决定谓语的单/复数。需要注意的是，主语的数是复数时加s，而谓语的数是单数时加s。刚好相反。（见右表）。如，I bought three watches yesterday.（名词，复数时加-s）。He watches TV every day.（动词，单数时加-s）
主谓一致的根本原则是意义一致原则。①主谓一致，通常情况下使用意义一致原则。什么是意义一致原则呢？无论主语是单数形式还是复数形式，若表示单数意义，则谓语用单数；若表示复数意义，则谓语用复数。②主谓一致，个别状况下使用就近一致原则（可以看做权宜之计）。什么是就近一致原则呢？在某些并列主语状况下，根据紧挨着谓语的那个主语来确定谓语的数。
■语法书对比：本书的意义一致原则，涵盖了其它语法书的意义一致原则和语法一致原则。
有的语法书上讲，主谓一致有三条原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则，就近一致原则。本书讲，主谓一致有两条原则：意义一致原则，就近一致原则。
本书如此做的原因是：根本上讲，在确定主谓一致时，不看主语是单数还是复数形式，而看主语是单数还是复数意义，由此来确定谓语的数。分为两大类状况：A.一般地，二者是一致的，即，单数形式表示单数意义，复数形式表示复数意义，这个时候，无论以主语的形式还是意义确定谓语的数，结果是一样的。（注：这样的情况其实就是其它书所说的“语法一致原则”）。B.有时，二者是不同的，即，单数形式表示复数意义，复数形式表示单数意义，此时就要以主语的意义确定谓语的数。
1、用主谓一致原则，第一得找到主语
用主谓一致原则，第一得找到主语。谓语的左侧紧挨着的词或短语，并不是就是主语。
容易见到有三种状况妨碍大家找到主语：
1. 排除定语或状语（如介词短语）的干扰，找到主语。主语后常跟的定语或状语有：①表示增加的：with, along with, together with；as well as, as much as；in addition to, accompanied by, besides, plus等。②表示减去的：but，except等。③表示补充说明的：such as, like, including, rather than等。如，
●The manwith his children sits on the sofa watching TV.
●The teacher as well as the students was excited.
2.找到省略了的主语。容易见到于“所有格或物主代词+（省略掉的名词）”。如，
●The doctor’s is on this side of the street.（The doctor’s=The doctor’s house，所以谓语用单数）
●Your shoes are black, mine are brown.（mine=my shoes，所以谓语用复数）
3.找到倒装句的主语。如，
●South of the city is a large stadium.（主语是stadium，所以谓语用单数）
●In front of the girl are some flowers.（主语是flowers，所以谓语用复数）
2、单个主语时的主谓一致，使用意义一致原则
单个主语时，使用意义一致原则。无论主语是单数形式还是复数形式，若表示单数意义，则谓语用单数；若表示复数意义，则谓语用复数。见下表，
主语
谓语用单数
谓语用复数
一般地，单数形式表示单数意义
√
×
一般地，复数形式表示复数意义
×
√
特别地，单数形式表示
单数意义或复数意义
2.单复数同形的个体名词
√
√
3.单数形式的集体名词
√
√
特别地，复数形式表示
单数意义或复数意义
4.复数形名词
√
√
5.由两部分构成的名词
√
√
6.-ics结尾的学科名词
√
√
7.表示度量等的复数名词
√
√
下边详细解说。
1. 一般地，单数形式表示单数意义，所以谓语用单数；复数形式表示复数意义，所以谓语用复数。如，
●A tree has fallen across the road.一株树倒下横在路上。
●Little streams feed big rivers.小河流入大江。
2.单复数同形的名词作主语时的主谓一致。这类名词有：deer鹿，sheep羊，fish鱼。这类名词作主语时，谓语的数分两种状况：表示单数意义时，其谓语用单数；表示复数意义时，其谓语用复数。如，
●This sheep is mine and those sheep are mine，too.
●There are some sheep in the woods.
3. 单数形式的集体名词作主语时的主谓一致。分两种状况：若看作一个整体，谓语用单数。若看作每个成员，谓语用复数。如，
The family are watching TV.（成员）
Our football team are having baths.大家队员正在洗澡。
4.复数形名词作主语时的主谓一致。这类名词作主语时，谓语的数分两种状况：表示单数意义时（前边有a/this/that修饰），其谓语用单数。表示复数意义时（前边有all/these/those修饰），其谓语用复数。如，
There are several crossroads here.
Those means have been tried.那些办法都试过了。
只用作单数或只用作复数的复数形名词。①以-ings结尾的名词作主语时，谓语用复数。如，belongings所有物，savings储蓄，shortcomings缺点，surroundings环境。例句：Our total earnings are about forty dollars.②news和gallows等名词作主语时，谓语用单数。
5. 由两部分构成的物体作主语时的主谓一致。这类名词有：shoes，trousers，scissors，glasses等。这类名词作主语时，谓语的数分两种状况：若主语前有量词（如pair），谓语的数由量词决定；若主语前没量词，谓语用复数。如，
The shoes are her sisters.
Tom，here are your new trousers. please put them on.
6. 以-ics结尾的学科名词作主语时的主谓一致。这类名词有：maths数学，physics物理学，politics政治学，economics经济学，等。这类名词作主语时，谓语的数分为两种状况：在表示“学科”时，谓语用单数；在表示具体的实践活动/性能/现象时，谓语用复数。如，
Statistics show that there are more boy than girls at school.统计数字表明男生比女生多。
7. 表示度量/距离/金额/时间等的名词复数作主语时的主语一致。分两种状况：若表示数值（看作一个整体），谓语用单数；若表示数目（看作多个个体的总和），谓语用复数。如，
Three years have passed since we met last time.
Twelve were boys.
8.不定式/动名词/从句作主语时的主谓一致。
①单个不定式或动名词作主语，谓语用单数。两个或两个以上互不关联的事，谓语用复数。两个或两个以上密切关联为一件事，谓语用单数。如，
●To die for the people is a worthy death.
●Looking after the children is my full time job.
●When and where to hold the meeting is unknown.
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.早睡早起好习惯。
②单个从句作主语时，谓语用单数。两个或两个以上，谓语用复数。由what引导的主语从句，依据整个谓语部分的意思确定谓语首词的数，由于，没办法从what从句本身看出来单/复数what本身表示单数或复数意义都可以。
●Which of them was right was quite clear to us.
●When men first made use of electricity is not exactly known.
What we need are doctors. （依据表语doctors，谓语首词用复数）
What he says and does does not concern me.他的言行与我无关。（复数）
※链接：其它章节中讲到的主谓一致。
1.总称名词和专有名词作主语时的主谓一致，参看第三章第三节冠词在总称名词/专有名词前的使用方法。
2.不定代词作主语时的主谓一致，参看第四章第四节不定代词的使用方法总表。
3.“the+形容词”作主语时的主谓一致，参看第八章第二节“the+形容词”的使用方法。
4.定语从句的引导词作主语时的主谓一致，参看第十一章第五节.what/which/that引导的定语从句。
3、并列主语时的主谓一致，使用意义一致原则或就近一致原则
并列主语时，有的状况（如1）使用意义一致原则，有的状况（如
1. “and连接的两个词”作并列主语时，一般使用意义一致原则。
①假如and连接的两词表示两个事物，谓语用复数。
●Jim and I are close friends.吉姆和我是好朋友。
●Steam and ice are different forms of water.蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。
②假如and连接的两词构成一个整体，谓语用单数。容易见到的这种组合有：a knife and fork一副刀叉，a watch and chain一只带表带的手表；fish and chips鱼和薯片，bread and butter黄油面包；trust and honest诚实，law and order法律和秩序，治安。如，
●Fish and chips is one of the most common English dishes.
对比：第①种状况中的of后的名词有冠词，第②种状况中的of后的名词没冠词。
The writer and professor has arrived.既是作家又是教授的那个人到了。（一个人）
③one and a half：主复谓单（常考）。如，
●One and a half apples is left on the table.
④若and连接的两个词被each/every/no修饰，则谓语用单数。如，
●Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.
（助记：此时Every boy and every girl=Every boy and girl=Everybody）
There are some apples and a knife.
●Where are your classmates and teacher?
3.由or等连接的词作并列主语，使用就近一致原则。这类词或短语有：or，either/whether…or，neither…nor，not only…but also，not…but。注意，在陈述句中，主语B与谓语就近一致；在疑问句中，主语A与谓语就近一致。如，
Either he or you have lunch at school.
Either you or he doesn’t have lunch at school.
Either he or you don’t have lunch at school.
Do either you or he have lunch at school.（疑问句。注意此句中的谓语首词是do）
4. more than one或many a…作主语，使用就近一致原则。如，
●More than one studenthas seen the film.
（但，More studentsthan one have seen the film.）
●Many a student fails to pass the examination.很多学生考试不及格。
4、“n1+of+n2”作主语时的主谓一致，使用意义一致原则
“n1+of+n2”（简称of短语）作主语时，也使用意义一致原则。因为内容多，单独解说。
当“n1+of+n2”作主语时，应该依据n1还是n2确定谓语的数？分为两类状况：假如语义重心在右（n2），则依据n2确定谓语的数。假如语义重心在左（n1），则依据n1确定谓语的数。
细分为以下状况：
a…
the/复数…
1.有的of短语，①当“a…of…”作主语时，重心在of右。
②当“the/复数…of…”作主语时，重心移到of左。
2.有的of短语，当“a…of…”作主语时，重心在of左。
3.有的of短语，当“the…of…”作主语时，重心在of右。
下边详细解说此表。
1.一般地，“n1+of+n2”作主语时的主谓一致，分为两种状况：①当“a+n1+of+n2”作主语时，语义重心在右侧（n2），依据n2确定谓语的数。②但，当“the+n1+of+n2”或“n1复数+of+n2”作主语时，语义重心移到左侧（n1），依据n1确定谓语的数。这是由于，把n1由a变为the或复数，意在强调n1，所以，语义重心由右侧（n2）转移到左侧（n1）。
这类of短语有：①跟可数名词的，如，a number/average/group of。②跟不可数名词的，如，a great deal of，a bit/amount of。③跟可数或不可数名词的，如，a kind/sort/type of，a quantity/ proportion/variety/plenty of，分数/百分数+of。
例句（number of）
The number of students is increasing.（the number of，…的数目，谓语用单数。）
例句（quantity of）
A large quantity of beer was sold.
The quantity of books in the library is amazing.
The quantity of heat in the office has been increased.
Large quantities of wheat are being sent abroad.
例句（百分数+of）
20 percent of the students are absent today.
例句（其它）
A great deal of trouble lies before me.
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■语法书对比：“quantity/amount of”作主语时的主谓一致。
1. 有的语法书中，用很多条规则解说它们的使用方法。如（少部分条文），
a large quantity of可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词，谓语单/复数要看后面的名词。A large quantity of money was spent on the bridge.不少钱花在建这座桥上。A large quantity of materials were spent on the building.这个大楼耗费了很多的建筑材料。
large quantities of同样可以修饰可数名词和不可数名词，但谓语的单/复数与quantities维持一致，谓语用复数形式。Large quantities of food have rotten away.很多的食物已经腐烂。Large quantities of beer are consumed in the city every year.这个城市每年要消费很多的啤酒。
2. 有的语法书中，把它们的各种状况作了如下表的总结。（这种解说显然比上边系统化）
主语
谓语
量词
名词复数
不可数名词
复数
单数
a large/small quantity of
√
√
a large/small quantity of
√
√
quantities of
√
√
quantities of
√
√
the quantity of
√
√
the quantity of
√
√
a large/vast amount of
√
√
large/vast amounts of
√
√
the amount of
√
√
试想有几个人能记住这个表的各种状况！举起手，我看看？！
3. 本书把它们的各种状况，一共分为两大类：①a quantity/amount of+名词，根据of右侧的名词确定谓语的数。②the quantity/amount of，或，quantities/amounts of，左侧由a（泛指/单数）变为the（特指）或-s（复数），意味着“语义重心”转移到of左侧，所以，根据of左侧的名词确定谓语的数。根据这两条原理，就能推导出上表中的所有状况。可以看出，理解即可，基本不需要记忆。
2.有的“a+ n1+of+n2”作主语时，语义重心在左（n1），依据n1确定谓语的数。如，a pair/line/range/ series/species of；又如，各种量词a cup/piece of等。
●A pair of shoes was under the desk.
●A line of forts was built along the border.
●A series of lectures is to be given by Mr. Smith.
There are two cups of tea on the table.
3.有的“the+ n1+of+n2”作主语时（如，the rest/majority of），依据n2确定谓语的数。是特例。
The rest of the questions are being discussed.
分组对比训练
题组（排除干扰，找到主语）
1—6题，排除定语或状语的干扰，找到主语。
7—8题，找到倒装句的主语。
1. Generally, students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others ____essential to their development.A．is B．are C．was D．were
句意：通常来讲，学生们的内在动力与来自别人的高度期望对他们的进步是要紧的。剖析：①主语是students’ inner motivation，谓语用单数。②一般目前时。选A。
2. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, _____visit
A. is going to B. are going to C. was going to D. were going to
剖析：①主语是Dr. Smith，谓语用单数。②一般目前时。选A。
3. The father as well as his three children ____ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.（2006,辽宁） A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going
剖析：①主语是the father，谓语用单数。②一般目前时。选C。
4. Films，____the one you told me about yesterday or the one that will be on，____ not worth seeing.（1986,全国） A.including; is B.as well as; are C.besides; is D.such as; are
剖析：主语是films，谓语用单数。选D。
5. Such poets as Shakespeare widely read, of whose works, however, some difficult to understand.A. are；are B. is；is C. are；is D. is：are
剖析：①主语是Such poets ，谓语用复数。②主语是some ，谓语用复数。选A。
6. All the employees except the manager ____ to work online at home.
A．encourages B．encourage C．is encouraged D．are encouraged
句意：所有些雇工除去经理以外都被鼓励在家上网工作。剖析：①主语是All the employees，谓语用复数。②一般目前时的被动语态。选D。
7. On the wall ___ two large portraits.（全国高考考试题）
A. hangs B. hang C. hanged D. hanging
剖析：主语是portraits，谓语用复数。选B。
8. Among the crises that face humans ___ the lack of natural resources.
A．is B．are C．is there D．are there 选A。
剖析：主语是the lack ，谓语用单数。
题组（单个主语时的主谓一致）
1. Every possible means ____ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.（2000,上海春）
A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been used
剖析：①主语为every possible means，谓语用单数。若主语为all possible means，则谓语用复数。②后句提示用目前完成时。选C。
2. Mathematics ____ the language of science.
A. is B. are going C. are D. am 剖析：单数。选A。
3. The population of
4. The population of the city ____two million. Two thirds of the population ____ workers.
剖析：前者填is（总体）,后者填are（成员）。
5. A survey of the opinions of experts ____ that three hours of outdoor exercise a week ____good for one's health.（2007,江西） A. show; are B. shows; is C. show; is D. shows; are
剖析：①第一空，主语是a survey，谓语用单数。②第二空，主语是three hours of outdoor exercise a week（每周三小时的户外运动），是一种习惯，谓语用单数。选B。
6. Listening to loud music at rock concerts caused hearing loss in some teenagers. .
A. is B. are C. has D. have
剖析：①非谓语动词短语作主语时，谓语用单数。②目前完成时。选C。
7. When and where to go for the holiday ____ yet. A. are not decided B. have not been decided C. is not being decided D. has not been decided 选D。
8. All we need ____ a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year. （2014,湖南）A．are B．was C．is D．were
句意：大家所需要的就是一小块土地，在整个一年的成长季节，大家可以栽种各种不一样的果树。
分析：All we need is a small piece of land. 选C。
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题组（并列主语时的主谓一致）
1—2题，使用意义一致原则。
3—4题，使用就近一致原则。
5题，两个原则都用到了。
1. A poet and artist____ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and paintings tomorrow afternoon.A. is B. are C. was D. were
句意：这位诗人兼艺术家明天下午以后到大家学校做关于中国文学和绘画的演讲。剖析：主语是a poet and artist（一个既是诗人又是艺术家的人），谓语用单数。选A。
2. — Did you go to the show last night?— Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area ____ invited.
A. were B. have been C. has been D. was
剖析：every boy and girl=everybody，谓语用单数。选D。
3. Either you or one of your students ____ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
A. are B. is C. have D. be
剖析：①主语是either…or…，使用就近一致原则。②主语是one of your students时，谓语用单数。选B。
4. It is reported that many a new house ____at present in the disaster area.（2010,陕西）
A. are being built B. were being built C. was being built D. is being built
句意：据报道，现在在这个受灾区域正在建不少新房屋。剖析：①many a…作主语时，谓语用单数。②目前进行时。选D。
5. Not only I but Jane and Mary ____ tired of having one examination after another. .
A. is B. are C. am D. be
句意：不光是我，就连简和玛丽也烦了没完没了的考试。剖析：主语是Not only I but Jane and Mary，谓语用复数。（对比：主语Not only Jane and Mary but also I→谓语动词am。）。这个题，先用了就近一致原则，后用了意义一致原则。选B。
题组（of型短语作主语时的主谓一致）
1—5题，number/quantity of。
6—7题，分数+of。
8—10题，the rest/majority of。
1. The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities ____rising steadily since 1990.（2009,山东） A. is B. are C. has been D. have been
剖析：①主语是the number of…，谓语用单数。②目前完成时。选C。
2. The number of people invited ____fifty, but a number of them ____absent for different reasons.A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were
剖析：①第一空，主语是the number of…，谓语用单数。②第二空，主语是a number of them，谓语用复数。选C。
3.The school was moved out of downtown as the number of students had grown too____．（2010,四川）
A．small B．few C．1arge D．many
句意：这所学校搬到了市外，由于学生人数已经变得太多了。剖析：从句的主语是the number of students,只有small和large能修饰number。再依据句意"人数变得太大"可知应选large。选C。
4. As a result of destroying the forests, a large ____of desert ____covered the land.
A. number…has B. quantity…has C. number…have D. quantity…have 选B。
5. —Why does the lake smell terrible? —Because large quantities of water____.（2009,福建）
A.have polluted B.is being polluted C.has been polluted D.have been polluted
剖析：①主语是quantities of …，谓语用复数。②目前完成时的被动语态。选D。
6. ____ of the land in that district ____ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifths; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifth; is D. Two fifths; are 选D。
7. The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third _____used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day long.（2006，浙江） A. is B. are C. was D. were 选D。
8. The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which ____ saved for other purposes.A. is B. are C. was D. were
剖析：①主语是the rest of which（←the rest of the raw materials），谓语用复数。②一般过去时的被动语态。选D。
9. — Is everyone here?— Not yet. Look, there____the rest of our guests !（2010,江苏）
A. come B. comes C. is coming D. are coming
剖析：①主语是the rest of our guests，谓语用复数。②不需要进行时（参看时态章）。选A。
10. One-third of the country ____ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens ____ black people.A. is; are B. is; is C. are; are D. are; is
句意：这个国家的三分之一被树木覆盖，而且大部分市民是黑人。剖析：One-third of the country is…and the majority of the citizens are…. 选A。
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